Ashleigh+S


 * Culture in Han China and Imperial Rome**

Penny Crayon is a budding artist and musician keenly interested in the culture of Han Dynasty China and Imperial Rome. Ms. Crayon likes to make clay figurines and watch WWE wrestling. She has written several popular songs, including //Ode to Undertaker// and //Cena Serenade//. To help her decide which dynasty to visit, you will need to research answers to the following key questions:

= **Key Questions:** =
 * 1) What types of entertainment existed in the Han Dynasty and Roman Empire?
 * 2) Describe the term, “bread and circuses,” the Roman emperors started for its citizens.
 * 3) For what architecture, paintings, literature, or sculptures are ancient Rome and China most famous?
 * 4) Which empire should Ms. Crayon, an artist and musician, visit? Why?

=Resources= Your research will be confined to the following web resources and library databases. If you wish to use a resource not on this list you must seek approval from your teacher.

**Rome**
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 * China **
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 * Library Databases **
 * @http://www.micdslibrary.com/databases.html

Scroll down to the History/Social Studies menu; the ABCCLIO Ancient World History database is particularly helpful.

=Research and Citations= Use the space below to record your research for each question. Remember that you will need to cite your sources using the format found on the MICDS Library resource page.

What types of entertainment existed in the Han Dynasty and Roman Empire?
Meticulous: Gong Bi in chinese or "Court Style" painting Freehand: Shui Mo in chinese, including watercolors, and brush painting The highest form of painting during the Han Dynasty was landscapes. Many painters did different landscapes, like Dong Yuan Junar, who painted hills and rivers. While there were also those who painted everything, like famed painters Jing Hoa and Fran Kuat GuoXi. Other than painting, there was pottery. Pottery was fairly common, using materials such as jade and porcelain. Porcelain was made by mixing clay and china stone, then set to a high temperature while they mixed together. The Jade horse was another form of pottery. It was a great example of art that expresses the admiration that their people had for the sacred horse. With jade being symbolic for excellence and purity. Along with pottery, there was another way to create something new, with paper folding. Paper Folding was fairly common during the Han Dynasty, and was known as Origami. Oragami, wasn't only popular in China, but it was VERY popular in Japan. There were NUMEROUS forms of art in China, but another one was textile art. Here's a cool fact, the silk used for textile art, was the FIRST WAY that China was known to the outside world. Silk was a MAJOR contributor to the economy. There were in fact lots of different kinds of textile art. Such as gauze, quilting, embroidery (which was considered special domain of all classes) and damask. While a mans intelligence was determined by his calligraphy skills, a woman's was determined by her silk weaving technique. Not only did art flourish, but so did music. Orchestras played music with instruments such as the flute, gongs, harps, drums, and lutes, which were the pipa of Iran. There were all different types of music but the most popular was Kucha, and dance was influenced by the music that was played. Other than art and music, sports were involved as well. Sports were associated with rituals, social customs, military training, philosophy, health and even medical treatment. They played lots of games such as Polo, (jiju in chinese) which was played while horseback, everyone played it too, servant women, and even The Empress! Also, there was fishing, swimming, wushu, (early kung fu) which involved lots of kicks, throws and punches. Wushu was turned into a form of military training, cuju (version of soccer) which was also a form of military training, dancing, dragon boat racing, hunting, kite flying, wrestling, chiuwan, which was popular among officials, being a precursor of the game we play called golf. As you can see, the Chinese NEVER ran out of things to do, from painting, to music, to all sorts of sports, the chinese were always having fun and always knew how to have fun and be productive at the same time.
 * Han China:** The Chinese were more artistic people than the Romans, creating calligraphy with brush strokes so careful, they looked like they were made from heaven. They also had literature, Poetry and a new form of poetry called rhapsody. They used jade and silk, creating beautiful artwork thats famed all over the world. They had music as well, with the fundamentals of today's music. Starting with literature. Literature during the Han Dynasty was one way that the Chinese spread knowledge throughout their land, due to the high hills and isolation, communication wasn't all that easy. Rhapsody incorporated literary elements found in "Songs of Chu" which is an anthropology of poems. Rhapsody, or Fu, in Chinese, was a new genre at the time and was more advanced than the poetry and literature that they had had before. One famous rhapsody creator was Sima Xiangru. The most influential rhapsodies were "Rhapsody on the Son of Heaven on a Leisurely Hunt" or "Tianzi YoulieFu". Rhapsody incorporated literary elements found in "Songs of Chu" which is an anthropology if poems. Another form of entertainment that the Chinese did frequently was paint. Chinese painting in the beginning consisted of mostly lines and patterns and designs. Traditional chinese painting is called guo hua meaning "national" or "native painting". This style of painting has a lot of calligraphy skills in the technique, and no oils were used then to make it. There were two techniques when it came to painting.

Ludi Scaenici: dramatic entertainment in theatre Ludi Cirenses: exhibitions in the circus, including chariot races and lastly, Munera Gladiatoria: gladiatorial exhibitions in the amphitheater The Romans not only had the theatre but they had games as well. The older men gambled, but ONLY in December. They have all sorts of chance games, but gambling was the most popular, legal or otherwise. People gambled in private houses and resorts. They also had ball games. The balls usually were filled with feathers and hair, and not to mention, air. Children played with knuckle bones like we play with jacks, or for gambling when your older, they were also known as tali. They were made from sheep. replicas of ivory, or bronze. Other than games, there was sculpting, a favored art that is still preserved and practiced today. Sculptors, such as Myron and Polyclitus, who put a new fluidy in their work. This originally greek custom, was adapted by the Romans and sculpting was never the same. They showed INCREDIBLY toned athletes and ideals of the gods. They had a way of depicting bone and body structures and making them look incredibly realistic. In most sculptures, the artist did a VERY good job of making the sculpture have the unique physically characteristics of the model they were sculpting. Sensuality was introduced as well, especially with marble, when they could get really meticulous features, such s the texture of skin. There was also music. In Rome music was a favored pass time. There weren't any professionals, but there WERE talented musicians. The most popular instrument was the lyre, which had a very distinct resemblance to the harp. It was made of one turtle shell and strings, it sounded quite like a guitar though. The Romans were VERY into sports and music and theater, making Rome a place fully Action Packed.
 * Imperial Rome:** The Romans entertained themselves in a number of ways, such as ball games, plays at the amphitheater, Sculpting, gladiators at the Colosseum, and Circuses. The Romans always had a way to stay entertained. There were three types of entertainment, called Ludi, all Ludi was funded by the state.

=== Describe the term, “bread and circuses,” the Roman emperors started for its citizens. ===
 * Han China:** The term "bread and circuses" does not apply to this country or era.


 * Imperial Rome: "**Only two things do the people of Rome want, bread and circuses." This quote was spoken by none other than one of the most famed satires of the Medieval era, Decius Junius Juvenal, or just Juvenal. This man was very well educated, as you could tell by his numerous writings, and was most likely wealthy. A satire's job was to criticize humorously on roman society.His writings were all very popular, and when you thought about them, quite correct. He wrote things with his morals front and center, and quite a few of them seemed to mirror those of the strict Medieval Christian faith. Back to the quote. This quote meant that the Roman people were happy to enjoy the festivities that harbored in the Collosseum and other places to get way from facing the harsh reality of the Roman world. You see, life in Rome was hard, and not to mention, UNSAFE. There were robbery's and even murders! So, to keep people from becoming too insane the emperor took it into his own hands, he decided to let the people of Rome have their fun.

=== For what architecture, paintings, literature, or sculptures are ancient Rome and China most famous? ===
 * Han China:** China was a land full of art of all colors, shapes and textures. The people of China during the Han Dynasty were creating symbolic artwork, having some association with philosophy, the earth or other essentails to life. But one peice of artwork from this area is especially important. The bronze horse was made during Han Dynasty during Emperor Wu-Ti's expeditions throughout China.He had sent people out to Central Asia to find these Celestial Horses as they were called. You see, during this time, China was being threatened by the nomadic Mongols and Turkish tribes. But in order to protect themselves they needed horses. But they only had small, pony-like horses, they needed bigger horses, sturdier ones. They began hearing reports of a new breed of horses. They were supposedly strong, and capable of carrying a heavier load during battle. So Emperor Wu-Ti sent out one hundred men out on his expedition. They passed the western part of The Great Wall and Shan mountains all the way to Fergana. Emperor Wu-Ti arrived with a proposition, a bribe some may call it. He offered the gold coins to the king of Fergana in exchange for the horses. But the king rejected the offer. But you see, Emperor Wu-Ti didnt give up that easily, and was determined to get what he wanted. He sent out two military campaigns to the king of Fergana and he eventually took over the capitol of Fergana. Emperor Wu-Ti proudly returned to China with almost 3,000 Horses! Since then, these horses have been bred in China and were considered the symbol of rich men and government officials. The Horse is shown with his head perched high and his hooves mid air in a clean gallop. Made of Jade this horse is considered one of the Han Dynasty's most treasured peices of artwork.


 * Imperial Rome:** Rome was a land full of art and architecture, but I must say, their most famed piece, was none other than the Colosseum, that stood 50 meters high and 185 meters in length. The Colosseum was a rounded stadium with six sections that opened in 80 B.C.E. There was the Arena, where performances were held. And below the Arena, they held 32 cages for the animals and slaves who were to preform. There were also trapdoors underneath so that people could travel throughout the Colosseum. The seating in the Colosseum was separated in a few ways, such as marital status, by gender, and by social class. The Colosseum was located in the Forum of Rome. The Forum was the busiest part of the city, it was a large and wide open pace in the middle of the town. People went to the Forum every day, they bought food there, watched the activities and temples and other theaters were located there as well. At the edge of the Colosseum there were Awnings. Awnings were little stoke-like structures that lined the Colosseum and were there to provide shade. Throughout history, many tragedies have occurred, and due to this, only 1/3 of the original Colosseum still stands. It was costly, no doubt, but after seeing the final result, I can assure you, it was worth it. The land of Rome was one of which was full of promise, accomplishments, and of course, the greatest out of all 200 amphitheaters in ancient Rome, the majestic Colosseum. Aside from the Colosseum there was Circus Maximus. Circus Maximus was an arena actually used for chariot races, hence the long track. Not only was it used for chariot races, but it was used for gladiatorial games, animal hunts, and other athletic competitions. But, for safety reasons the animalhunts were discontinued, but later, was picked up in the Coloseum. The Circus Maximus was one of the oldest, and not to mention, biggest, chariot racing tracks in Ancient Rome. It was even aroud when Rome was in th Etruscan kingdom. It was used quite alot though. Rome dedicated 77 DAYS in a year to games. With about 12 chariot races a day. Throughout time, it was frowned upon, being called "The Devil's Playground" by the Catholic Church, and was condemmed, even with this, the Circus still managed on, lasting well into the Germanic rule. This place was so full of activity, it was the Colosseum's for father. Along with these great Amphitheaters, there was another great structure, Hadrian's Villa. Hadrian's Villa incorporated classic Greek, Roman, and Egyptian styles. It was also home to none other than Emperor Hadrian, it is known as a great example of a culture icon. Hadrian was a very intellectual and artistic man. He oversaw the rebuild of the Parthenon and the making of Hadrian's Wall. He even founded cities in Athens, and built aqueducts. The Villa was more city inspired rather than the city. He had it built quite early in his reign. It was like a mini-city. it had temples, libraries, baths, theaters, GARDENS!!, there was even a moat around the perimeter. Out of ALL of these features, there was one I didn't mention that followed the trend of the Colosseum. There were rooms and passage ways UNDERNEATH IT!! I personally think, that that would be incredibly cool!. Archeologist however, after its rediscovery, hoped to find their stored valuables, such as sculptures, mosaics, paintings. Not only goods, but they hope to find some sort of link between Hadrians political situation and the Villa, seeing as how he spent so much time there. The life of Hadrian was one filled with lavish living, but politics that never ceased, and hidden inside the ruins of his former dwelling, lies not only hidden jewels, but stories, and mysteries, the answers to the questions we so often wonder, Hadrian's Villa is not only an artifact, but a place seething with secrets.

Similarities and Differences
Before deciding which dynasty your client should visit, you may wish to create a simple Venn Diagram to compare/contrast the two empires. You may use [|this template] or create one online at Read-Write-Think.

Which empire should Ms. Crayon, an artist and musician, visit? Why?
Ms. Crayon has two GREAT Dynasties to choose from, but from my perspective, I believe that The Han Dynasty is THE place to go to get an experience all about the arts. In China there's all these different types of art just flourishing. There's also different literature and RHAPSODIES. But in Rome you mostly see sports. I mean, I DID look into my clients discription and it does mention that she enjoys WWE, but, there is SO much more to her than that. She's a song writer, an artists, a musician, a full //artist.// I think that she would have an experience filled with more art and more of the environment she'd enjoy in the Han Dynasty. There's SO much rich history and delicate art. She could do some Calligraphy and get a new muse from the rhapsodies. Ms. Penny Crayon, would see more color and more depth in the art industry rather than in Rome. Now, don't get me wrong, Rome was a beautiful and wonderful place, but they aren't as focused with their art as the Chinese were. So to Ms.Crayon, I must say, pack your bags, and bring room, there's lots to learn from the Chinese, things you never knew, and things you never even imagined!

= **Travel Poster Components:** =

You will create a travel poster for each of the two empires. Each poster should be attractive, persuasive, and highlight the major features related to your topic. You will create the posters using Glogster.edu (instructions will be provided in class) and they should contain the following components:

__**Travel Poster Components**__
 * 1) One Glogster.edu poster for each dynasty
 * 2) At least three "must see" tourist features with detailed text and relevant images for each dynasty
 * 3) At least one audio recording on each poster

The **[|Poster Rubric]** will be used to evaluate your work; you should refer to it before handing in your final product. When you have completed the poster, embed it below the "Travel Poster" heading below:

Travel Posters
//embed your posters here by copying the embed code from Glogster and adding an HTML widget//

= **Oral Presentation Guidelines** = The oral presentation is your opportunity to share your posters, explain whether your client should visit Han China or the Roman Empire, and should follow these guidelines:
 * 1) Less than three minutes in length
 * 2) Should address/explain the "must see" features of each dynasty
 * 3) Should explain which destination the client should visit and why

This presentation is about speaking skills and the use of your posters. You will be permitted to use notecards but are NOT to simply read your notes to the audience. The **[|Presentation Rubric]** will be used to evaluate your work; you should refer to it before giving your final presentation